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Moreover, patients have the right to make informed decisions on their personal issues like medical treatment, which should be respected by the health care workers and family members. The principle of beneficence allows doctors to undertake euthanasia. This is the principle of doing good to the patient by taking actions that promote the well-being of them. The motive of a doctor carrying out their duties is to benefit and better the life of patients. Assisted suicide is beneficial to patients suffering from terminal diseases, because they are relieved from pain; considering a case, where someone is suffering from a terminal disease like diabetes, hepatitis, chronic heart failure, chronic respiratory infections, and congestive heart failure. The result of such conditions is death, regardless of whether medical treatment is administered to the patient or not. In such a situation, the doctor may choose to terminate the life of the patient for the benefit of the suffering person to save him or her from undergoing pain. Moreover, this will save the family members and states from incurring more medical expenses (Adam 1).Disadvantages Assisted suici de is morally wrong, because the action results in the termination of life; an act, which a morally right individual would never engage in. Euthanasia devalues life, which is considered to be sacred. Whether voluntary or involuntary, it is against the will of God for any individual to terminate another persons life. According to religion, the God is the giver of life and only He can take it away. Human beings have no power and authority to interfere with human life. People should not decide to terminate their lives, because it is a precious gift given by the Almighty God. It is considered to be some kind of suicide that degrades the value of human life. Arguments have been put forward that allowing euthanasia for individuals suffering from terminal diseases would be a gateway to disrespecting the life of certain groups in the society, like the disabled, old, and terminally ill patients against their will, which would deny them their right to live. Moreover, allowing euthanasia for terminally ill patients would create a feeling of being neglected in most of them (Euthanasia Research Guidance Organization 1). They will have a feeling that they are a burden to their society, friends, and family members. The likelihood of people using this method to evade high medical bills will be higher if it is allowed. People are likely to resort to assisted suicide to evade simple troubles, which can be solved. Most of them will result to availing themselves for euthanasia. If it was allowed, chances of becoming a norm are high, because it is a cheaper and faster mean of terminating life compared to other forms. This would undermine the quality of health services. Legalizing the assisted suicide would affect the society at large, whether it is a personal decision or not (Euthanasia Research and Guidance Organization 1). The Evidence In 1999, Dr. Kevorkian was jailed for conducting intentional euthanasia on Youk, who had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Schneider 1). It is argued that he had conducted euthanasia for more than 130 patients through providing them with lethal drugs to inject themselves. The current contest on euthanasia is likely to prolong to the future generation. Euthanasia has positive and negative impacts. Therefore, the decision whether it is right or wrong rests on the individual's understanding and ideologies (Claire and Velasquez 1). Euthanasia may be legal or illegal based on the jurisdiction of a country (Euthanasia 1). For example, in the Netherlands, it is used to mean the situation, where the doctor terminates the patients life with the patient's consent. Other countries where the practice is legal include Albania, Sweden, Norway, and Belgium. Doctors opt for euthanasia if a patient is suffering from an incurable disease and at the same time, the patient is undergoing chronic pain. In the United States, physicians are banned from carrying out euthanasia. Oregon is the only state in the United States where euthanasia is legalized since some states are still undecided on the issue (The Associated Press 1). In 1997, Oregon passed Death Dignity Act that has legalized euthanasia (Young 408). Every individual has the right to die with dignity, regardless of the arguments against the issue. Even with arguments for and against the practice, the decision on whether or not the practice should be legalized depends on the individuals beliefs (Society Opinions 1). It is important to keep in mind that death is ultimate and inevitable. This implies that all people will die at some point of time, even if it is not through euthanasia. If euthanasia is allowed, this will give room to those people, who opt for it, to do so with self-esteem. When viewed from the perspective of an individuals right to live, it will take some time for people to understand that euthanasia is beneficial, as they consider the advantages and disadvantages of it. I do not think that there is any time, when the issue will be resolved fu lly, since people will always have the opposing views on this subject.The attitude of doctor, lawyer and me Doctors stick to the idea that the assisted suicide is necessary for a patient who is going through the extreme pain. Lawyer...

Slavery within the Eyes of Frederick Douglass Essay

What would it be like if we were a part of the slave years? To get an inside look of slavery we look through the eyes of a former slave Frederick Douglass. Through his experience of being grown into slavery in the south made him re-evaluate his life knowing he was worth more than being treated as someone else’s property. Not only was Douglass a part of the plantation system, city life, and brutal whipping but he was put into history as a great role model defining the true meaning of life. All people today should show respect to African Americans due to their struggle in reaching freedom and coming across difficulty. Thomas Jefferson added an anti-slavery statement within the declaration of independence but was deleted by the southern†¦show more content†¦William Lloyd Garrison, John Russwurm, Samuel Cornish, and Frederick Douglass all wrote in a newspaper including their own publications, explaining their view on slavery and wanting to put an end to it. The Undergroun d Railroad was organized by abolitionists; it consisted of a system of safe houses and guides leading the slaves towards new life in the north (Skiba pg. 319). Douglass was born in a slave cabin in Maryland in February 1818. He was primarily raised by his grandmother so the day she took him to the plantation of his master Douglass felt a sense of betrayal because she never told him she was going to leave him. He spent time with different masters within the plantation and the city. At around seven or eight years old he was chosen to live with Hugh Auld in Baltimore, when he moved over to Baltimore Sophia Auld began teaching Douglass the alphabet. Although giving a slave knowledge was unlawful Sophia Auld continued to educate him until her husband told her not to. At the age of eighteen he had an aborted escape and was sent back to Baltimore to live with the Aulds. As Douglass continued to gain knowledge he prepared a plan that led to his escape in 1838, it consisted of impersonating a sailor. When moving to New Bedford, Massachusetts with his new wife they began to raise a family. After his involvement in the anti-slavery convention he became a lecturer for the Anti-Slavery Society inShow MoreRelatedFrederick Douglass s The Road Of Freedom1187 Words   |  5 PagesFrederick Douglass the Road to Freedom Frederick Douglass was the champion to a lot of people especially those enslave at that time. It’s easy to imagine slavery but hard to see it. Douglass was inspired by his own story which then inspired millions of others. He is confronted with a challenging task in his writing by trying to fulfil the need. Frederick Douglass opens up people eyes. His book helps to see through his eyes, someone who resisted and fought for freedom for each and every one of usRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass And Assata1165 Words   |  5 Pagesof Frederick Douglass and Assata: An Autobiography the authors talked their experience of confinement while being in slavery and prison. The perspective Fredrick Douglas brought upon his experience of slavery affected the tone throughout the book. As for Assata her viewpoint of confinement was from her experience as a prisoner in the hospital and prison. Confinement is the act of isolating someone from human contact and society or a mother giving birth to their baby. Both narratives Frederick DouglassRead MoreFreedom And Liberty By Frederick Douglass948 Words   |  4 Pagesgroups seeking their acceptance into society. 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Thus, he was born into slavery and was sent off to work at the Lloyd Plantation afterRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass, Web Dubois, And Booker T Washington1323 Words   |  6 PagesYOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO INTRO YO: Throughout history, all over the world, people have been enslaved and mistreated based on various arbitrary factors. From the slavery of cultures all over the world, to racial oppression of today, these people have been subjected to subhuman cruelty. In America, the turning point for this mistreatment was the late 19th century and early 20th century. With the civil war and the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the ConstitutionRead MoreKey Arguments in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass1154 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†. A few of which include inequality, education, and Christianity as the keys to freedom in terms of its true values within the institution of slavery. 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For many reasons we can see how they are atypical from there fellow slaves and how we should be thankful for our freedom and take advantage of opportunities just likeRead MoreA Comparison Of Writings By Harriet Jacobs And Frederick Douglass1718 Words   |  7 Pagesand Frederick Douglass In this paper I will compare the writings of Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass. I will touch on their genre, purpose, content, and style. Both authors were born into slavery. Both escaped to freedom and fought to bring an end to slavery, each in their own way. Both Jacobs and Douglass have a different purpose for their writings. Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass were both slaves that wrote about their struggles and pain during their years of slavery. Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1027 Words   |  5 PagesThe Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Book Report The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave was written by Douglass himself, giving a detailed description of the slaveholders cruelty. Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland, and he makes known that he does not know his specific birthdate, â€Å"... no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.† (47), but it was approximately around 1818. Once being enslaved, and then escapingRead MoreFrederick Douglass Narrative Analysis1333 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative, Frederick Douglass exposes his belief that freedom from slavery comes through a combination of knowledge and self-agency, and through his personal experience, delineates a model for abolitionism. 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Cross Cultural Competence and Challenges

Question: Identify the definition of cross-cultural competence. Evaluate and identify the challenges that can occur when attempting to instill cultural intelligence into the workforce. Answer: Definition of cross-cultural competence The cross cultural competence is also termed as cross cultural intelligence which can be defined as the practice of acquiring important awareness related to culture of ones own self and also other people, then analyzing the consequences that come out due to the assumptions related to culture, identifying the ethnocentrism among the cultures and also learn various ways which, can be used for promoting proper working relations, cross-cultural business styles and making effective communication styles and decision making to avoid mistrust and misunderstanding in international or intercultural business (Goodman, 2012). Challenges to instill cultural intelligence in workforce There are various factors that have to be considered while integrating cross-cultural competence in a team to make a successful workforce like (Clark, 2012; Qin, 2012): 1. Style of communicating: There exist different communication issues while working in a team which is generally measured with the criticism level endurable and obtainable within every culture. The team members must make sure that they respect others while communicating in a team to reduce potential misunderstandings. 2. Differences in decision making and perception: It is to be noted that some culture prefer being friendly and maintaining long term relationship while taking decisions and some are profit oriented and some are high or low in uncertainty avoidance. These differences play a vital role in making decisions and also cultural perceptions. 3. Negotiation style: Some cultures prefer win-win or win lose attitude, some prefer formal or informal style, few cultures do prefer relationship or contract based negotiation. Thus this is also an issue that every organization should take care of. References Clark, M. (2012). Cross-cultural research: Challenge and competence. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 18, pp.28-37. Goodman, N. (2012). Training for cultural competence. Industrial and Commercial Training, 44(1), pp.47 - 50. Qin, Y. (2012). Cross-cultural Competence and Its Development. TPLS, 2(1).

The Empires of South India 7. The Sangam Literature Flashcard

The Empires of South India 7. The Sangam Literature

A Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System Essay Example

A Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System Essay Example A Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System Essay A Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System Essay p. 406. 4 BECCARIA, OF C RIMES AND PUNISHMENT 96 ( 1964) . 5 PHILIPPINES ( R EPUBLIC) CONGRESS, SENATE COMMITTEE ON JUSTICE, LAUREL ON PENAL REFORM (THE STATE OF PHILIPPINE P ENAL INSTITUTIONS AND PENOLOGY), hereinafter referred to as the LAUREL REPORT. . 6 Ibid. , 11. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 63 2. Brief History of Philippine Prison System One of the most important facets of our criminal justice system is the institution of prisons. It is found to be an indispensable means towards societal survival and deterrence from further assaults against the state. Like any other institutions, the Philippine prison system also underwent some transformations. Pre-Spanish The pre-Spanish era was marked by basic political diversity. The main political unit was the barangay which exercised jurisdiction within its small territorial limits composed mostly of about 100 to 200 families. Consequently, there was no single criminal justice system and there was no single prison system in the Philippines. As a matter of fact, imprisonment as a penalty for law-violations was unheard of. There were no prisons to house any felon since punishment was mainly retributive in character. 7 Some historical documents such as the Code of Kalantiao (1433) prescribed death, incineration, flagellation, mutilation, swimming under water for a fixed time, ant treatment and fines . Those guilty of recidivism were beaten to death or exposed to ants for 1 day. Slavery or servitude was also imposed as subsidiary penalties for fines. All these indicate that the preSpanish criminal law was purely punitive and retributive. Spanish Regime Upon the in1position of the Spanish control, the European Criminal system was introduced in the Philippines. Those penal laws consisting of royal decrees, orders, ordinances, rules and regulations for the governing of colonies which were later embodied in the Re copilacion de las Leyes de India, became the base of the Philippine Penal Laws. The compilation also was the basis for rules governing prison administration. Vicente Liwanag in his doctoral dissertation gives us some idea of the Spanish penal rules. x x there were laws which prohibited the imprisonment of poor people in lieu of fines, rules separating men and women prisoners, the segregation of persons detained apart from those already convicted by the courts and the separation of prisoners of good conduct from those incorrigible character. Maltreatment of the prisoners was prohibited and so was the extorting of money from them as well as his use of their services by employers of the prison for personal benefits. The receiving of gifts in any form by prison employers from families of the prisoners was strictly forbidden while the briI)ging of food and clothes was permitted. Rigid search 7 LAUREL REPORT, op. cit. , p. 14. 8 See NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION, CRIME PREVENTION AND CONVICTION (FIRST NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON A STRATEGY TO CONTROL CRIME 3 (1976) . 64 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 was made of these articles in order to prevent the introduction of weapons. No alcoholic drinks were permitted to be brought in. 9 By 1887 the aforecited Recopilacion was substituted by the imposition of the Spanish Penal Code of 1870. Basically the Spanish criminal justice system was punitive or retributive in character. It also sought to segregate convicted criminals from the mainstream of the society. Punishment of criminals was undertaken by the incarceration of convicts for a period depending on the nature of the crime. Initially, prisoners were confined in jails under the jurisdiction of the commandancia of the province. There was no single penal system until the Spanish government decided to erect national penitentiaries. On September 12, 1859, the Spanish government opened for public bidding the construction of a prison to be known as the Carcel y Prisidio Correccional which would house about 1,127 prisoners all over the Philippines. lO Upon awarding the contract to Sixto Ejida Obispo for P268,083. 5, construction of the building began at Azcarraga, Manila. ll Seven years later, the building was completed. The prison which was to be known as the Bilibid Prisons was described as follows: It was composed of the following buildings: one building for the offices and quarters of the prison warden and 15 buildings or Departments for prisoners which were arranged radially and formed spokes. The central tower formed the hub. Under this tower was the chapel. There were four cell-houses for the isolated prisoners and four isolated buildings located on the four corners of the walls which served as kitchen, hospital and stores. The prison was divided in the middle by a thick wall. 12 Aside from the Bilibid prisons there were three other principal penitentiaries established by the Spanish government in Cavite, Zamboanga and the Marianas Island. American Regime Upon the withdrawal of the Spanish government, all prisoners were released and the penitentiaries were abandoned until 1905 when the American Army reestablished the institutions and created the Bureau of Prisons under the Department of Commerce and Police. 3 During the period, additional insular prisons were established: I wahig Penal Colony, San Ramon Prison (reactivated), Corregidor Stockade (phased out in 1941), Bontoc Prison, Correctional Institute for Women and the Davao Penal Colony. 9 LIWANAG, COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF OHIO AND PHILIPPINE PENAL SYSTEM 20 (1970). 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid. , p. 19. cit. , p. 25. Note: Act No. 1407 (1905), sec. 25. The Bureau was later transferred to the Department of Public Instruction and then transferred to the Departme nt of Justice. 12 LAUREL REPORT, op. 13 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 65 In 1924, Director of Prisons Ramon Victorio advocated the transfer of the Bilibid Prisons from the heart of Manila to a place outside the city because of the rapid increase of the prison population. 14 A committe~ headed by the Secretary of Justice was formed in order to study the feasibility of the proposal. In 1936, the city of Manila exchanged its 552 hectares of land located at Muntinlupa, Rizal for the Bilibid Prison which later became the Manila City Jail. 15 Thereafter, construction began and shortly before the outbreak of the war and before the complex was completed, the transfer of all insular prisoners was undertaken. During the war, the New Bilibid Prison at Muntinlupa was used by the Japanese for incarcerating suspected guerrillas and Japanese enemies. Upon the liberation of Manila, former American prisoners of war were confined at the New Bilibid Prisons for recuperation. The American period did not radically alter the penal philosophy of the Philippines. It continued to rely on the outmoded classical doctrine of free will which punished the crime rather than the criminal. The promul~ gation of the Revised Penal Code did not significantly change the philosophy~. It is also punitive in character, albeit with some redeeming features such as the mitigating and aggravating circumstances wherein the conditions or the circumstances of the criminal at the time of the commission of the crime are to be considered,16 In 1919 the Philippine Bar Association created a committee to investigate the conditions inside the national penitentiary. The committee found out that the prisoners were subjected to cruel and excessive punishment. I .? They singled out the bartolina which constitutes ot close confinement in irons with the prisoners hands chained to a post or wall at about the height of liis shoulder. A gag was also used occasionally to prevent the prisoner from making loud or disagreeable noises. This gag consisted of a piece of wood fitted to enter the mouth : of the prisoners. On the other hand, the institution of open penal farms was introduced. Prisoners with good record of behavior at the New Bilibid Prisons were transported to penal colonies at Iwahig at Davao to work as farmers in a~ atmosphere similar to a free society. Present Upon the establishment of the present Philippine republic, ideas of rehabilitation began to be advocated. In 1949, the Department of Justice 14 LlWANAG, op. cit. , p. 21. 15 Report of the Bureau of Prisons. 16 See Aquino, Crime Prevention and . Treatment of O/Jenders in the Philippines, in THREE MEMORANDA ON THE TREATMENT OF CRIMlNAL OFFENDERS AND PREVENTION CruMES IN THE PHILIPPINES 1 (1947). 17 See Raul Ingles, 50 Years with the Times: Lawyers Investigated Tortures OF of. Prisoners, Manila Times, January 14, 1969, p. 14-A. 66 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 issued rules for the treatment of prisoners which aimed, among others, at the reha,bilitation of the criminal. The purpose of the prison system was not merely to punish the crime but likewise to rehabilitate or correct the criminal. However, this did not significantly alleviate the actual condition of the prisons. The New Bilibid Prisons proved to be inadequate to meet the demands of growing prison population. The overcongestion, inadequate food, accommodation and idleness of the prisoners were cited as causes of the prison riots of the 1950s and the 1960s. The Senate committee on Justice of the Fourth Session of the Sixth Congress investigated the condition of he penitentiaries in 1968-69, and findings revealed the sub-human conditions inside the prisons. In 1971, the government erected two satellite camps to alleviate the problem of congestion inside the National Bilibid Prisons proper. The Camp Sampaguita houses the medium-security prisoners, the youthful offenders and the Reception Diagnostic Center. The Camp Bukang-Liwayway on the other hand houses the minimum-security prisoners who have served at least one-fifth of their maximum sentence. . By 1976, the Philippine government had more than 1,500 correctional institutions. Of this number, 8 are insular prisons under the direct supervision of the Directors of Prisons; 72 are provincial jails administered by the provincial governors; 65 city jails and 1,437 municipal jails 18 which are administered by the local police agencies under the Integrated National Police. C. Theories and Purposes of Prison System There are three main schools of thought or approaches with regard to the treatment of criminals. These schools of thought are better known as the classical, neo-classical and the positive or Italian. The first school of thought, the classical school, lays stress on the crimes not on the criminal. Punishment is retributive and punitive. It is standardized and proportioned to the gravity and nature of the offense. This school assumes that every individual has free will and knows the penal law. It is further postulated that man is rational and calculating. Thus, he will refrain from criminal acts if threatened with punishment to cancel the hopes of possible gain or advantage. 19 Curtis Bok in his monograph, Problems in Criminal Law, published in 1955 proposes that prison management should be conducted with rigid discipline, few privileges and no nonsenses. Prison should have maximum security, with high walls, floodlights, armed guards and steel bars. 20 18 NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION, op. 191 AQUINO, REVISED PENAL CODE 3 cit. , p. 7. (1961), quoting SEAGLE, HISTORY OF LAW 241 (1946) . 20 LAUREL REPORT, op. cit. , 46. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 67 Among the exponents of this school of penology were Beccaria, Rousseau, Montesquieu and Voltaire. The second school of thought is the so-called Neo-classical school. This approach to penology arose at the time of the French Revolution and the period immediately following. It maintains that while the classical doctrine is correct in general it should be modified in certain details. It argues that since childrenand lunatics cannot calculate pleasures and pains they should not be regarded as criminals or be punished. Mitigating and exempting circumstances are to be taken into account. The reaction to crime is no longer purely punitive, punishment is imposed upon some lawbreakers but not on others. By this approach it is necessary for administrators of justice to consider the psychology and sociology of the crime. 21 The third school of thought is the Positivist School. It views crime as a social phenomenon and attaches much importance to the criminal or the actor. Positivist criminology is reformative and preventive and individualizes punishment. It views the criminal as a sick man who needs not to be punished but cured. The prison then should be a criminology hospital rather than a place for punishment. 22 Not all prisoners are treated the same way so that those criminals who can be reformed are to be reformed and those who cannot be reformed are to be segregated or killed. 23 The main exponents of this school of thought were Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri and Rafaelle Garofalo. Theory of the Philippine Revised Penal Code The present Revised Penal Code, known also as Act No. 3815 of the Philippine Legislature approved on December 8, 1930, is a compilation of the penal laws then in force in the country, without radical changes in structure. The backbone of this code is the Penal Code of Spain of 1870, which was in force in this country up to December 31, 1931; and as such, belongs to the old or classical school. It is eminently retributive in its purpose, and considers crime only as an issue of free human will, as a judicial entity pure and simple, paying little or no attention to the person. 4 Before the Revised Penal Code, there was a proposed Correctional Code completed in 1916 by Rafael Pan, a member of the Code Committee created by Act No. 1941. This Code laid emphasis on the rehabilitative function, instead of the punitive feature of penal law. It was not adopted by the lawmaking body but some of its provisions were incorporated in the Revised Penal Cod e,25 e. g. , mitigating and exempting circumstances. 21 SUTHERLAND CRESSY, PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINOLOGY 260 22 1 AQUINO, op. cit. , note 19, pp. 3-4. 23 SUTHERLAND CRESSY, op. it. , pp. 260-261. 24 GUEVARA, PENAL ScIENCE AND PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL LAW 25 1 AQUINO, op. cit. , p. 1. (6th ed. , 1960) . 708 (1974). 68 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 Present trends also recognize that the purpose of the prison system need not be strictly punitive. Thus, it was stated in a working paper prepared by the Technical Panel, anti-disciplinary Committee in Crime Prevention (National Police Commission)26 that Correction has many purposes and it is important to recognize that correctional program can differ for various types of offenders. For instance, in sentencing the convicted murderer, the punitive and deterrent purposes are served rather than the rehabilitative. The contrary is true with respect to the deprived, ill-educated, vocationally incompetent youth who is adjudged delinquent. With him, rehabilitative and reintegrative purposes predominate. The Rules of Treatment of prisoners issued in 1960 by the Department of Justice includes progressive views regarding the treatment of prisoners but still considers as the primordial end of imprisonment, the segregation from society of a person who by his acts has proven himself a danger to the free community. 27 As per theory and implementation in the present set-up, prisons are for the punishment of offenders and the correctional aspect is only subsidiary. Philippine Penal institutions are not equipped with adequate facilities and properly trained personnel to shift from the idea of retribution and punishment to one which emphasizes individualized treatment of the con vict. IV. COM P ARATIVE STATUTORY RIGHTS OF PRISONERS/ OFFENDERS The climate of concern for human rights felt throughout the world culminated in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights which defines explicitly the rights of offenders even after conviction. The declaration includes, among others, protection from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading punishments, a fair and public hearing in the determination of criminal charges and presumption of innocence until proven guilty. The Philippine Constitution makes mention of a basic right which should be respected when a person is accused or even convicted of crime. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws. 28 Persons accused of crime are entitled to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, or quasi-judicial bodies. As a sanction to this mandate, the Constitution provides that a case or matter shall be decided or resolved from the date of its submission, shall be eighteen months for the Supreme Court, and, unless reduced by the Supreme Court, twelve months for all 26 Crime Prevention and Corrections; Working Paper prepared by the Technical Panel, Inter-Disciplinary Committee in Crime Prevention, in NATJONAL POLlCE COMMISSION, CRIME PREVENTION AND CONVICTION (FIRST NATIONAL CONFERENCE IN A STRATEGY TO CONTROL CRiME, Quezon City, July 22-24, 1976). 27 Rule 1 (a). 28 CONST. , Art. IV, sec. . 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 69 inferior collegiate courts, and three months for all other inferior courtS. 29 It is of common knowledge that a person accused of having committed a crime, is arrested and immediately put to jail. It seems to run counter to another constitutional provision which provides that in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved. 3o T here were many instances when a person pronounced not guilty had stayed within the four walls of a prison cell for a longer period of time than if proved guilty. It would seem that the culture and the legal and administrative structures of a country determine in large measure the manner in which such country addresses itself to issues related to the rights of prisoners. Sweden and other Scandinavian countries have included in their Constitution or laws, the creation of ombudsman, an agency to elevate citizens grievances to include prisoners. New Zealand followed the Swedish model. Different approaches have been evolved in other countries. USSR and some socialist countries have their Procurados General vested with the primary responsibility for assuring the uniform application of law. In other countries, independent boards perform comparable functions to that of the Civil Liberties Bureau of the Ministry of Justice in Japan where the Bureau is vested with the power to investigate and collect informations concerning cases involving violations of human rights. In recent years, the United States and a few countries have witnessed an unprecedented involvement of the courts in the effort to define the limits of administrative discretion relative to human rights. I n some European countries, special judges are appointed to monitor the lawful execution of sentencing, which is in fact, an order of the court. In Italy, the Penal Code provides for a surveillance judge whose responsibility is to assure the proper and legal application of the sentence. France, Poland, Portugal and Brazil have similar provisions in their Penal Codes. 3 ! The debate about the appropriate role of the correctional institution is expected to continue and one unresolved question is about the extent the correctional system should have on the responsibility or the authority to employ measures designed to change human behavior and attitudes. Conversely, to what extent has the prisoner the right to reject, without prejudice, programs designed to correct or rehabilitate him? In a number of countries the primary objective of the prison system is to reform the convict through labor or through a process of reeducation that will ensure the subordination of individual interests to those of the larger society. The recognition of the existence of human rights does not necessarily guarantee that they will be extended to persons charged or convicted of crime. It is of paramount importance that effective grievance system is provided the prisoner to seck 29 CONST. , Art. X, sec. 11. 30 CONST. , Art. IV, sec. 19. 31 Five Piilars Of the Criminal Justice System. 70 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 redress for the infringement of any of their rights as recognized in the Standard Minimum Rules advocated by the United Nations. V. PRESENT SET-UP (IMPLEMENTATION) The effect of rules, concepts and ideals cannot be felt unless converted into action. An examination of the actual implementation of the rules and avowed policies of the Philippine prison system is in order. Several variables affect the implementation among which are the enforcing officers, the classification of prisoners, the treatment of officers, specially their living conditions and day to day activities. These factors if not properly handled will frustrate the lofty ideals for which the prison system is purported to be established. A. Enforcing Officers One important variable of our penal system is the quality of the officers duty bound to enforce the two avowed purposes of the penal system: to segregate and rehabilitate the prisoners. Organization The overall coordinator of the countrys penal institutions is the Bureau of Prisons, which is directly under the Secretary of Justice. The Bureau of Prisons is primarily in charge of the national penitentiaries and exercise supervisory powers over the provincial, city and municipal jails. Careful analysis of the organizational chart reveals a discrepancy between the avowed rehabilitative purpose of the penal system and the actuality. One would note immediately that there is no major department with the single purpose of taking care of the rehabilitative aspect of the prison. The only office that may be related to this purpose is that of the Inmate Guidance Supervisor which merely advises the Director concerning individual guidance counselling. Furthermore, the supervisor does not have a staff to undertake researches, implementation and coordination of the rehabilitative treatment. It may be true that the Bureau has an office of Penal Production Coordinator which coordinates the agricultural and industrial production of the correctional institutions but such activity, although it may be included in work-therapy may just be profit-oriented unless such activities are made with the ultimate design of rehabilitation. The Reception Diagnostic Center which should have been the nerve center of rehabilitation suffers from two defects: ( 1) The center merely recommends the kind of treatment that an individual prisoner should receive. It has no power to supervise the implementation of the treatment and (2) the center is directly under the New Bilibid Prisons when in fact the center classifies and recommends treatment not only for New Bilibid prisoners but also for prisoners of the Bureaus penal colonies. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 71 The following chart shows the organizational structure of the Bureau of Prisons: Office of the ~rector :Office of the Assistant Director : ;:ienior Executive : ASsistant II :1l edical Adviser :Legal Off icer :IllIllate Guidance supervisor Office of Penal Production Coordinat or : . Accounting . Div. ; iAdminis-: =trative : : Div. Budget Finance Div. :: Gen4ral services: Div. :J1edic al: Div. SUpply Div. i~ew i l:lili-: oi d ! ri son :Correc:tional : Insti:tute for: women Iwahig : ~rison ~enal . a:: : San Ra-: :mon : penal . : Davao : :Prison a: lienal :i;arm : Sabla- s;y stem :$1- - :yan :Pri son : :a: Pel4al: : I arm Leyte Regional Prison The chart also indicates that the Bureau has only nominal supervisory power over the provincial jails and the city and municipal jails inasmuch as the jails are financially supported by their respective local governments. 2 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 The Batangas Provincial Jail Organizational chart shows: Provincial WQr4en A,dministrative Support supervla1ng COnsctional QlWZcl A cursory examination of the chart indicates that there is no office or division designed to provide rehabilitation services. The chart indicates only two major divisions: administrative staff and the custodial staff. There is even no classification Boar d. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 73 The same situation may be observed in the organizational chart of the Quezon City Jail. SsiMant City IillXd811 cl: SUpply s. cur~~y Property section s. ction l! ranaportat~on and Maint ellllc. tion Nevertheless, in a recent conference conducted by the National Police Commission, the Commission came up with a proposed standard organizational chart: Deput) Warden Adm1n1s. In the new chart, the Rehabilitative division is given significance. If the above chart is to be implemented, great stride towards penal reform may be achieved. But up to now, the Philippine penal system neglects the rehabilitative aspect of penology. 74 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL VOL. 52 Personnel Qualification and Training Like other Bureaus in the government, the Director of the Bureau of Prisons is a presidential appointee and all others are appointed in accordance with Pres. Decree No. 807. On the other hand, the jails are manned by the members of the Integrated National Police. The Office of the Director today is occupied by a retired army general whose training and orientation may not be adequate to serve the rehabilitative purpose of the penitentiaries under him. In an interview with Professor Pedro Solis of the V. P. College of Law who made a comparative study on European penology, he said that modern prison systems are headed by technical men who have specialized in penology and prison administration. Furthermore, the Assistant Director of the Bureau confessed that he was an engineer by profession. In theory, appointment to the prison staff must conform with the minimum qualifications laid down by the Wage Position Classification Officer (WAPCO). All positions in the staff including that of driver, and janitor require corresponding eligibilities. For instance, a prison guard must have any combination of training and experience equivalent to graduation from second schools and one year service in military or civilian guard work. Interviews with high ranking officers of the guards showed that the WAPCO classification for the recnJitment of guards is not being followed. The actual minimum requirements observed are those of height and weight. A guard must be 55 tall and must have a weight of 120 Ibs. The vaunted Reception Diagnostic Center is also not free from some criticisms. In the first place, the RDC is under the Superintendent of the New Bilibid Prisons whose orientation is entirely different from that of the RDC. The Superintendent transferred the Centers psychiatrist to the National Bilibid Prisons hospital, thus depriving the center of the services of a psychiatrist in the personality analysis of prisoners. It was observed that the center used to have permanent guards who had been trained to observe and report behaviors of individual prisoners. The reports made by these guards were vital in the diagnosis and classification of each prisoners. These guards have also been transferred to be ordinary custodial guards of the maximum-security prison. The center is now headed by a former school teacher and not by a psychologist or sociologist. It was also noted that the center lacks sufficient technical personnel. It only has four psychologists, four sociologists, one penal psychiatrist and one penal institution teacher, when in fact there are about 8,000 inmates inside the New Bilibid Prisons. 1977] PIDLIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 75 The guards may be considered to have an important role in rehabilitation. Amongst the prison personnel, they are the persons who are in frequent contact with the inmates. As such they ought to be trained as agents of rehabilitation. But observations and interviews showed that training of guard merely relate to the custodial aspect. The chief of the Reception Diagnostic Center might be availed of to help train the guards for rehabilitative work but so far the Bureau has not taken steps in this direction. The provincial and city jails are in the same situation. They do not have any jail personnel to implement the jails purpose of rehabilitation. The personnel and guards are recruited from the police forces who are not especially trained for jail operation. According to the city warden of Quezon City, the rehabilitation cannot be undertaken by policemen whose training and orientation is punitive in character. The fact that they are policemen may prevent a friendly guard-inmate relationship necessary for rehabilitation. Personnel-Inmate Relationship Interview of 10 inmates was undertaken in order to determine the inmates impression of the prisons personnel. The determination of their opinions may be significant indicators of personnels effectiveness in the rehabilitation aspect. As a psychological rule, it is difficult to rehabilitate a prisoner when from his point of view the rehabilitator is also in need of treatment. It must be noted that the truth of the accusations made by prisoners is immaterial for the purpose of this paper. What is important is to determine the prisoners feeling towards their teacher. The most serious complaint aired by the inmates interviewed CO:lcerns their food allowance. According to data gathered, the food allowance for each prisoner is P4. 50 per day. However, it was alleged that wh~. t is actually spent for the prisoners food is only P1. 0. They said that the rest of the allowance are withheld or pocketed by certain officials and personnel of the Bureau. Consequently, the food served to them is not fit for human consumption. As a matter of fact, they said that they deliberately make it not palatable so that there will be more left-overs for the personnels private piggeries. It is to be wondered why there are blunt weapons insi de the prisons when in fact visitors are well inspected before entering the premises. The respondents said that these weapons were brought in by the guards themselves and sold to them for exorbitant prices. The respondents were asked what they thought about the guards. They said that they are agitators. They make intrigues to induce gang warfare in side the penitentiaries. Several reasons were cited by the respondents: ( 1) It is in the best interest of the guards to keep the gangs from being 76 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 united, for it would be difficult to confront about 8,000 prisoners united against them. (2) The riots and gangs were a cover-up for the guards corrupt practices inside the prison. (3) Animosity between gangs increases demands for weapons which are sold by guards. Aside from weapons, it was also stated that the guards also sell other commodities such as food, liquor, soap also at exorbitant prices. They said that a commodity which is worth P3. 00 outside is sold inside for the amount of PI5. 00. It is also significant to note that they named about four guards who are notoriously engaging in the lucrative business. Moreover, respondents thought that some guards are mentally insane. There was one guard who with the usc of a riot shot gun fired point blank against some prisoners playing cara cruz. When asked why, he said that he thought they were dragonflies. Although the guard is now under technical arrest, prisoners think that he will be acquitted and will resume his position as guard soon. There are more accusations against the personnel, and whether or not they are true, the responses show an unhealthy relationship between the personnel and the inmates. B. Prisoners 1. Classification Crime is a social disease. Like its kind which afflicts the body, crime has its causes, its history; it can lead to complications more serious, more malignant; it can be fatal. Thus, through the ages, society has devised a succession of systems and manner of dealing with the ailment, each one a reflection of the mood and temper of time. Indeed, the treatment of crime and the criminal has become one of the most unfailing tests of the civilization of any country. The prison of today is a clinic where the afflicted member is segregated, diagnosed, treated and rehabilitated with the view of returning him to the fold of the normal community, equipped with a healthier sense of values and prepared to accept the responsibilities of community life. The initial an d often the most crucial step in any treatment process is classification and the prescription of treatment procedure. a. Municipal or City Prisoners Any person detained or sentenced for violation of a municipal or city ordinance; a person detained pending trial before a municipal or city court; a person detained by order of a judge of a municipal or city court pending preliminary investigation of the crime charged until the court shall demand him to the Court of First Instance; and a person who by reason of his sentence may be deprived of liberty for not more than thirty (30) days. The imposition of subsidiary imprisonment shall not be taken into consideration in fixing the status of a prisoner 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM IS 77 hereunder except when the sentence imposes a fine only. He to the municipal or city jail. 32 committed A visit made at the Quezon City Jail (taken as a sample) shows the following break-down of the classes of prisoners: . Detention Prisoners a. male b. female Detention Prisoners under P. D. 1081 a. male b. female Sentenced Prisoners a. Insular (National) b. Local c. Correctional Institution City Prisoners a. ale b. female Minors a. male b. female Total No . 336 12 24 o 1 o o 10 o o o 393 33 b. Provincial Prisoners Any person detained pending preliminary investigation before the Court of First Instance; a person who by reason of his sentence may be deprived of liberty for not more than one year or is subjected to a fine of not more than P500 or is subjected to both penalties, but if a prisoner receives two or more sentences in the agg regate exceeding the period of one year, he shall not be considered a provincial prisoner. The imposition of subsidiary imprisonment shall not be taken into consideration in fixing the status of a prisoner hereunder except when the sentence imposes a fine only. He is committed to the provincial jai1. 34 A visit made at the Batangas Provincial Jail (taken as a sample) shows the following breakdown of the classes of prisoners: Detention Prisoners a. male b. female No. 87 1 32 PHILIPPINES (REPUBLIC) DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, RULES FOR TIlE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS, 1960, Sec. 2(1). . -33 As per Quezon City Jail Records (September 2, 1977). 4 PHILIPPINES (REPUBLIC) DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, RULES FOR THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS, 1960, Sec. 2(2). 78 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 Provincial Prisoners a. male b. female Insular (National) Prisoners a. male b. female Total 14 o 5 o 107 3S c. National Prisoners Any prisoner who is neither municipal! city nor provincial prisoners shall be considered national prisoner; also a person sentenced for violation of the customs law or other laws within the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Customs or enforceable by it. He is committed to the Bureau of Prisons. 36 A convicted person classified as an insular or national prisoner is transferred from a municipal or city or provincial jail to the New Bilibid Prison at Muntinlupa, Rizal. He has to be further classified into maximum, medium or minimum prisoner. In our penal set-up, this function is handled by the Reception and Diagnostic Center, which is a relatively new development in the field of correction. As an institution, it started functioning only on October 1, 1953. CLassification The involved process of diagnosis begins from the time the individual offender is received at the Center, which is the only institution of the Bureau of Prisons assigned such function. Hence, within the limited framework of staff and facilities, every effort is made to determine the individual inmates physical inadequacies, his character disorders, his educational, social and vocational needs, his moral weaknesses as well as his strength. All this effort is geared to the creation of multi-dimensional pictures of the inmates an individual with characteristics that are solely his own. This individuality demands treatment programs with uncontained flexibility and range to meet the diverse needs and problems of as many types of prisoners as there are prisoners. Admission-Orientation Program During the first two weeks or so, the newcomer is confined at the quarantine cell where he undergoes an orientation of prison life. He is also examined in order to see whether he is in need of medical attention or suffering from diseases which may necessitate his segregation from the rest of the prison population. 5 As per Batangas Provincial Jail Record (August 10, 1977). 36 PHILIPPINES ( R EPUBLIC) DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, RULES FOR THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS, 1960, Sec. 2(3). 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 79 Diagnostic Program After the quarantine period, the newcomer undergoes extensive interviews which seek to probe into his family history, his educational background, his mental condition, his personality make-up and intellectual functioning, his social and vocational history and even with his plan upon release. Those with certain skills or appropriate academic training may be given pre-classification or exploratory assignments in any of the various sections of the center. Illiterates are enrolled in adult education classes. Religious counselling and cathecisms are conducted regularly. T reatment Planning All the data gathered in the interviews and tests together with the observations and recommendations of the staff become part of the individuals prison record and forms the basis for individualized programs of treatment. In the process of treatment planning, a multiplicity of factors are further considered, such as length of sentence, recidivistic tendencies, type of crime and degree of involvement, availability of prison equipment and staff, the inmates region of origin and many others. The Staff Interview Finally, after a period of about two months, the individual is called to a staff interview, where with his individual participation, the program directed toward his rehabilitation is laid out and set on record. This covers the following areas: 1) degrees of custody, 2) work assignment, 3) academic training, 4) medical, psychological, psychiatric and sociological recommendations. After the staff interview the inmate is then discharged from the Center and transferred to any of the following institutions to which he was recommended: New Bilibid Prison A mixed custody type of institutions for recidivists, instructable offenders and security risks, and medical and psychiatric cases. Short termers and those who have served a prescribed portion of their term in good behavior are given minimum security privileges. Maximum prisoners are those who are encarcerated within the four walls of the prison and wear orange uniforms; medium prisoners have the blue or gray uniform and for the minimum prisoners, those otherwise known as the living out prisoners sport the brown suit. Iwahig and Sablayan Penal Colonies a mllllmum security facility for first offenders with relatively long sentences, who should profit from a relatively conducive rural setting. They have extensive agricultural proj- 80 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL-52 cts, livestock and fishery, hospitals, general utility and maintenances, institutional and religious services, adult educational classes. Davao Penal Colony basically the same type of prisoners as those assigned to the Iwahig and Sablayan Penal Colonies but needing closer custodial supervision. Besides having similar activities, Davao has some manufacturing activities and industrial shops. San Ramon Prison Penal Farm Maximum security prison with a . Â · satellite farm and extens ive coconut plantation. Manila Office For medium security prisoners. It provides janitorial and maintenance services for government building in the Greater Manila area. 37 The Reception and Diagnostic Center is so organized to insure the success for which it has been established. It has the following staff: ( 1) (2) (1) ( 1) ( 1) (3) (3) (2) (2) ( 1) (1) (1) ( 1) (3) ( 10) Inmate Classification Coordinator Penal Psychiatrist Penal Institution Education Supervisor Penal Institution Teacher Senior Guidance Psychologist Guidance Psychologists Sociologists I Social Workers Inmate Interviewer Vocational Placement Officer Senior Clerk Clerk Supervising Prison Guard Senior Prison Guard Prison Guard The question, however, is whether or not this framework remains only on records or is an actual reality. The Superintendent of the Center is frank enough to admit that the ideal organization remains in theory. For instance, never was there a psychiatrist in the center. The Superintendent considers his positions as a tough one. He relates that before, there were prison guards as may be seen from the chart, who were trained to observe the behavior and actuations of prisoners in the RDC. However these guards were transferred to the New Bilibid Prison. Without the knowledge of the Reception and Diagnostic Center in many instances, prisoners are already classified into maximum, medium or minimum without an indication of the basis of the classification and without participation of the RDC. This practice und~rmines the purpose for which the RDC was established. 37 As per interview, Mr. Arturo Bustria, Superintendent, RDe. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 81 c. Treatment of Prisoners Imprisonment and other measures which result in cutting off an offender from the outside world are afflictive by the very fact of taking away from the person the right of self-determination and depriving him of his liberty. Therefore the prison system should not, except as an incident to justifiable segregation or maintenance of discipline, aggravate the suffering inherent in such a situation. The purpose and justification of a sentence of imprisonment on a similar measure deprivative of liberty is ultimately to protect society against crime. This end can only be achieved if the period of imprisonment is used to ensure, so far as possible, that upon his return to society, the offender is not only willing but able to lead a law-abiding and self-supporting life. To this end, the institution should utilize all the remedial, educational, moral, spiritual and other forces and forms of assistance which are appropriate and available, and should seek to apply them according to the individual treatment needs of the prisoners. The regime of the institution should seek to minimize any differences between prison life and life at liberty which tend to lessen the responsibility of the prisoners or the respect due to their dignity as human beings. These general guiding principles on the treatment of prisoners are provided for in the standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. Such rules apply only to sentenced prisoners. We now consider the daily activities of prisoners at the New Bilibid prisons and see how these guiding principles are applied to them. 1. Living Conditions a. Accommodations Sections 6-10 of Article IV of the Rules for Treatment of Prisoners (1960) describe what kind of accommodations must be provided by the Institution for the use of prisoners: Sec. 6. All accommodations provided for the use of prisoners and in particular all sleeping accommodations shall meet all requirements of health, due regard being paid to climatic conditions and particularly to cubic content of air, minimum floor space, lighting, heating and ventilation. Sec. 8. The sanitary installations shall be adequate to enable every prisoner to comply with the needs of nature when necessary and in a clean and decent manner. Sec. 9. The bathing and shower installations shall be adequate to enable every prisoner to make full use of them according to reason. 82 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL VOL. 52 Sec. 10. All parts of the institution regularly used by the prisoners shall be properly maintained and kept scrupulously clean at all times. During the visits made by the group to the New Bilibid Prison, Provincial Jail of Batangas, Quezon City Jail and the Municipal Jail of Romblon, it was noted that the above-mentioned rules, in most cases, were given only lip service. Congestion se ems to be the perennial problem of Philippine prisons. This was particularly observed in the New Bilibid Prisons which has a capacity of 3,500 prisoners but which currently houses more than 8,000 prisoners. Sleeping accommodations is a far cry from that provided for by law. Even minimum comfort on the part of the prisoners is not provided. The authorities do not supply mattresses or pillows. The cells are uncomfortably cold and damp. Sleeping accommodations are so meager that prisoners are constrained to sleep in corridors. It would not be surprising then to know that prisoners would rather get sick and enjoy the comfort of hospital beds than be healthy and stay in their cells. Bathing and shower installations for the prisoners leave much to be desired. Toilets do not work properly. They are very dirty and not fit for human use. Also, there are not enough toilet facilities. Many times prisoners have to forego their morning rituals. Water is also scarce and prisoner usually go for days without taking a bath or doing their laundry. The prison officials are aware of such accommodations but would rather attribute it to lack of funds rather than mismanagement. b. Personal hygiene, dothing and bedding Section 1, Article XII of the Rules for Treatment of Prisoners (1960) provides that a prisoner must be clean and orderly, everywhere and at all times, in his prison, clothes, bedding and dormitory. He shall be given the opportunity to b athe at least once a day. Section 1 of Article VI also describes the amount of clothing the penal institutions are supposed to provide for prisoners. The prison shall provide each prisoner with the following uniforms and equipments for which he or she shall be held accountable 3 suits or uniforms, 2 blankets, 1 pillow, 2 pillow cases As previously discussed, the facilities of the Philippine prisons, at least those we have visited, do not provide for a healthy hygienic atmosphere for the prisoners. Laundry detergents are used as soap in taking a bath. Adequate beddings contrary to the provision of the law, are not provided. Not enough clothing is given to prisoners, many have outgrown their clothes, some are even half-naked. For all the deficiencies, the prisoners families, funds of gang members usually attempt to provide and supplement. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 83 c. Food Section 20 of the Rules for Treatment of Prisoners (1960) describes what kind of food must be provided by the institution to the prisoners. 1. Every prisoner shall be provided by the administration at the usual hours with food of nutritional value adequate for health and strength, of wholesome quality and well prepared and served. 2. Drinking water shall be available to every prisoner whenever he needs it. Even the chickens do better. This is the usual comment of inmates of the New Bilibid Prison. The budget for food per day is supposed to be P4. 50 but according to the inmates we interviewed, only f1. 50 is actually spent. It is alleged that the difference is divided among prison officials for themselves. Here is the usual menu: 1. Breakfast one pandesal which is more often than not hard, leftover. With the pandesal is either sugar or coffee but never coffee with sugar. 2. Lunch rice, beans, okra or mongo with dark liquid which is supposed to be their soup. . Supper rice, 12 pieces of dilis or 2-3 pieces of tuyo. Prisoners complain of the rice as being rotten and usually with worms. They complain about the soup which tastes a little better than mud. Most of the time they have to repair the food by adding salt, vetsin, sugar and other food seasoning. The prisoners in the provincial, city and municipal jails eat at least more decent food than Bilibid inmates. It is a wish by the Bilibid prisoners that everyday would be the birthday of their Director so that they will have a chance to taste pork, good vegetables and chicken (even if wings only). d. Medical Services Section 221. At every institution shall be available the services of at least one qualified medical officer who has some knowledge of psychiatry. 2. Sick prisoners who require specialist treatment shall be transferred to specialized institutions or to civil hospitals where hospital facilities are provided, their supplies and equipment shall be proper for the medical care and treatment of sick prisoners and there shall be staff of trained officers. 84 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 The medical services offered by the prisons we visited is, to say the least, very inadequate for the ever growing number of prisoners. Management of medical services is below par. Medical officers are not always available to serve the needs of prisoners. Moreover, sick prisoners are not provided with their needed medicine by the prison authorities. In Bilibid, the group found out that aspirin is the most popular and the most versatile medicine, it is prescribed to prisoners with catarrh or gastro enteritis. Doctors are inadequate, one of the two psychiatrists of the RDC or the Reception and Diagnostic Center is even utilized as a regular doctor of the prison hospital. Only when the non-medical personnel observe that the prisoner badly needs a psychiatrist is the latter is borrowed from the hospital. In the provincial, city and municipal jails, medical services is a little bit better. Prisoners are taken to nearby government hospitals if they get sick although no medical attention is usually given to prevent the inmate from being afflicted with a disease or ailment. 2. Activities Prison Labor The main activities of the prisoners at the New Bilibid Prisons are gardening, hog-raising, cottage industries and the like. In the penal colonies, however, truly agricultural labor can be seen as the prisoners in our penal colonies plant rice, corn, etc. These activities are all prison labor, which should not be understood as that prison labor designed to be hard, harsh, monotonous and unpleasant in order to emphasize its essentially retributive and deterrent factors, but it should be understood in its modern day concept of being a means of treatment, contributing to the national growth, maintaining and increasing the prisoners ability to earn an honest living after release, and vocational training for young prisoners. Prison labor does not necessarily mean, therefore, working in the open field, tilling the land and planting different kinds of vegetables and other crops. Some who are skilled in making cottage industry products may also pursue this line of interest; others who find interest in handling machines and engines may also select this field of prison labor. It was said that no single phase of life within prison walls is more important to the public and to the inmate than efficient industrial operations and the intelligent use of the labor of prisoners. Indeed, prison labor, in its present-day context, should be helping the prisoners in reforming their lives inside in preparation for their eventual release. The monotony of being segregated from society would be diminished by a well-planned prison labor, the ultimate results being that the prisoners wilt not only be rehabilitated but will also contribute to the national economic growth. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 85 In the National Bilibi d Prison, it was noted that in most cases, only the minimum security prisoners are the ones performing the prison labor in the , fields. This is explainable by the fact that these prisoners are the least security risks among all prisoners. Field work ranges from planting different kinds of vegetables to raising hogs and other domestic animals. Proceeds from these go to the institution which in turn may be spent fo r its maintenance. The prisoners who perform the work receive very meager compensation, and only after six months of being permanently assigned to a definite work, subject to the condition that he maintains good conduct and shows interest and a definite degree of progress in the particular work assigned to him. It is however noted that this meager compensation is not directly received by the prisoner himself. Such are kept in trust for him by the institution, subject to the rules that only one half thereof may be utilized for purchases of the prisoners needs while the remainder shall be paid only upon release. Under some exceptional circumstances, however, if satisfactory reason of necessity for withdrawal is shown, then the Director of Prisons or the Superintendent may authorize the disbursement of any part of the amount retained. It is a fact that whenever one works, he expects a compensation commensurate to the work done. Interest in an endeavor is not total if there is no clear indication as to the receivable remuneration. It is however not expected that prison labor be compensated proportionately to the work done considering that the prisoners are also being housed and fed by the institution. However, a reasonable and just compensation under the present circumstances will alleviate the miseries of these prisoners, who, even though they are segregated from society for crimes done against it, should nevertheless be made to feel that they are still human beings. Education and Vocational Training Provision shall be made for further education of all prisoners capable of profiting therefrom. The education of illiterates and young prisoners shall be compulsory and special attention shall be paid to it by the institution. So far as practicable, the education of prisoners shall be integrated with the educational system of the country so that after their release they may continue their education without difficulty. Above provisions are taken from the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. It will be noted that youthful offenders and illiterate are the principal objects of this training although the inclusion of the adult prisoners is not precluded. In the National Bilibid Prisons, the eaucational training as intended by above rules is not at all a reality. Slow headway on the vocational training 86 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 however is evident, the only major setback being that there is lack of funds to equip such vocational training center. Hence, the prisoners only content themselves with what are readily available although such are not really their line of interest. It can be said that the inadequate education and vocational training devices employed by our present prison system do not at all help in rehabilitating our prisoners. It cannot be expected that the meager equipment in our present vocational centers will at all times have a strong impact on training our prisoners for the outside world, but to give justice to the efforts of our government may at least get something to start with. Recreation and Leisure-time Activities It is important that these activities should be well-implemented because the more a prisoner -works without any recreation at all, the more he feels bored and whenever a prisoner feels bored, he does anything or plans everything destructive to the institution and the society in general. Hence, it is provided in the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners that recreational and cultural activities shall be provided in all institutions for the benefit of the mental and physical health of the prisoners. It is expected that every morning at least, the prisoners should be sunbathing and doing some exercises outside their cells. There is no problem with the minimum security prisoners. However for those in the maximum security cells, this is not feasible due to the danger that riots might ensure. Facilities for outdoor games are present in the prison grounds. There are basketball courts to play at but apparently no ball is available. So that the main recreational activities of the prisoners are confined mostly inside their cells. They resort to playing cards and other games of chance because facilities for indoor games are absent. It cannot be denied that recreational activities are important to the prisoners morale and are significant to effective institutional discipline. Hence, selection of such activities that will truly interest the prisoners should be done effectively. It is a fact that prisoners use their leisure to more damaging effects than non-criminals, hence to avoid this it is important that prisoners should not be given the chance to habituate himself to sloth, vices and demoralizing associations. VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS If the main and sole purpose of our prisons is to segregate an offender from the rest of the society because that man is socially dangerous, then our prison system has fulfilled its purpose and it can be considered to be effective. We follow the classical school of penology that justifies imprisonment to punish the offenders. As a consequence, treatment of our prisoners is punitive and retributive. 1977] PIDLIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 87 There is however, a different kind of approach in dealing with such offenses that is gaining ground all over the world. Today, prisons are no longer thought of as solely established for the punishment of the offenders. Experience shows that this kind of approach only make men and women worse. The increasing number of recidivists, habitual delinquents and hardened criminals seems to suggest that the punitive approach fails in the achievement of a more lofty purpose, that is, the rehabilitation of the offender, so that he can be admitted to the mainstream of the free society again but this time a reformed and responsible man. Rehabilitation is the present trend of dealing with offenders. The individual responsibility of the offender is slowly being substituted with that of societys responsibility. It is argued that a person who does wrong should be punished but that punishment is not the ultimate goal. Punishment must not be too harsh, too inhuman to the extent of disregarding the basi